Biblical Greek - Lesson 27

Dr. Bill Mounce
Biblical Greek
nt201-27
Present (Continuous) Adverbial Participles
Lesson Transcript

[00:00:00] In chapter 27. What we're going to do is take the grammar that you learn in chapter 26, and we're going to learn how it applies to a subsection one specific kind of participle. Participles break into two basic categories either adjectival or adverbial. You would expect that from a verbal adjective right there. Form doesn't very. I mean, if you see a calmness that doesn't tell you whether it's adjectival or adverbial, but in terms of how the participles function and what they mean in context, you can break them into two basic categories. And if the participle is adverbial, it means that its primary meaning is helping you to understand something about the verb. If the participle is functioning adjectival, it tells you that the participle is primarily telling you something about another noun, for example. So participles break into two basic camps, adverbial adjectival. They're identical in form. We have to learn when they are functioning adverbs fully or when they're functioning adjectival. And then how you translate those to different kinds of participles. Okay. In chapter 27, we are going to learn present adverbial participles. In other words, we're only dealing with participles built on the present tense stem, which means there are always going to be what aspect are always going to be continuous. Now, how do I know that? Well, because I didn't put any other participles in here. Exercises. Okay. So for right now, they're all present. Second of all, all of these participles are adverbial. We're actually not going to hit the adjectival participles for another two chapters. So for right now, just understand all the participles we're going to look at are going to be categorized as adverbial, which means the primary meaning is going to be in modifying the verb and not some other word.

[00:02:13] Okay, so present adverbial participles. They modify verbs. And yet here's the kind of the odd part again about participles. Let's say that you have a subject and let's say it's feminine, plural. And then you have the verb, and then you have an adverbial participle. And then let's say you have a direct object that's masculine, plural. What's good to determine the case number and gender of the participle. Even the adverbial participle. Well, grammatically it still has to modify inone right. It's a verbal adjective. The thrust of its meaning may be directed against the verb. But if it's the subject who's doing the part is simple. The participle will be feminine, plural. If it's the direct object, the participle will be masculine, plural. In other words, even if you have an adverbial participle, it still has to agree with a noun to get its case number and gender. Even if the force of the verb force of the meaning is directed against the verb. Now what you're going to find is that the majority of adverbial participles are. Guess what case. Most of them are going to be nominative. Because normally when you're modifying the verb as a participle, it's the subject of the verb who's also doing the participle. So most adverbial participles are nominative. But not necessarily all. Okay. So adverbial participles modify the verb in terms of meaning while eating. She walked into the room. So the author wants to tell you something about the walked telling you something else about what happened when she walked. Well, what was happening? She was eating. Okay. The thrust of the participle is directed against the verb, but is still going to agree with some noun to get his case number and gender. The big clue when you just reading the New Testament, you come across a participle is if it's a nurse.

[00:04:27] Thrace What does that mean? Okay, If it is not immediately preceded by the definite article, it is probably adverbial. Let me say it a different way. All adverbial participles must be a na Thrace. All right. All adverbial participles must be enough for us. It's impossible to have an adverbial participle with an article. Impossible. Okay. As we go through these chapters, there are certain charts that are absolutely critical for you to learn. This is the chart that is critical to learn for each of the participles. And what the chart does is tells you how Greek puts together the different participles. So how do you form the present or what I prefer to call the continuous participle? Well, you start with the present tense stem. But you already know that you are a connecting vowel. You already know that you've put on the the appropriate participle morpheme. And then you have case endings. Right. So on PC you on test. The other verb is dual. There your connecting vowel. There's your neutral Percival morpheme in the case ending. Now on the feminine, the American is actually the connecting vowel that's been merged. And so when you go into the feminine, it's a little different. You don't have a separate connecting vowel, but you see out of form the present participle. Take the present tense stem. And in some cases you are connecting well, you have your morpheme and the case endings. That's how you form the present participle. Okay. This also is what we've already seen, right in chapter 26. What morphemes are going to be used for the present participle? Well, it was an active it masculine and neuter will use neutral. The feminine will use user. If it's a middle passive, it'll be men with the appropriate vowel manner.

[00:06:34] It was masculine or neuter many, if it's feminine. But you already know that, right? Okay, let me break the present participle into its two halves. Let's look first at the active. Those are the forms. We've already seen this to you on tests. You just use an active participle, morpheme. So what does it actually look like? You ready to see what participles really look like? There is the singular form of the present active participle. Skip down to the genitive at first. Loo on tasks. Loo on teh loo on to. Just like pass. Right. Flip over to the neuter loo on loo on Lantos. Loo on teh loo on. Just like past. Right. What's happened in the nominative? An accusative singular to the case endings. Well, what happens in POS? There's no case ending. Final tiles drop rule eight and you get loo on in the feminine. It's absolutely regular. Notice there's an alpha ETA shift, right? Lucy. Lucy. Lucy. Lucy. Do you see how it's going together? It's the loo. Owen is the only one. That's weird, but we've seen this before. No case ending. The tile drops off and the alma chron lengthens to Omega. Okay. That's the only one that you have to be especially careful of, because the only time you've seen Omega Nu elsewhere is where. All right, Genitive, plural can. There is another place now where Omega nu occurs. And it's the nominative, singular masculine of participles. Plural is really easy, isn't it? Everything is as you would expect it, but in the masculine and the neuter becomes the third declension. The new Tao drop out before the case, ending sigma yadda, and the vowel lengthens to our micron epsilon from our micron to compensate for the loss. What does that look like? Looks like a third person.

[00:08:45] Plural. Indicative, doesn't it? You'd be surprised how hard it is to confuse the dead of plural participles from third person. Plural present indicative. You would look at it as, Oh, we saw confused. Actually, it's not that when you're reading it in context, it's very simple to see these things. But you need to be aware that that's where the similarity is going to be in terms of memory work. Here's what's important. You need to know the grammar of Chapter 26. You need to know how the different participles are put together. But the key to memorizing the forms after you've done that is to memorize the nominative and genitive, singular, all three genders. This is what I would be requesting on tests and quizzes. I say give me the six forms for and I'll say, Present active and eris, middle participle, that kind of stuff. So what you need to be able to memorize is on uzma, on on tasks, essays on tasks. If you memorize those six forms, then the rest of the paradigm flows. Now, if you struggle with dative plurals, you may want to scribble them in as well. But in terms of what you need to memorize, this is the key. So the next four chapters have a chart of how you put a participle together, have the participle, and then have those six forms. But these are the forms that are so important to memorize. Make sure you know how the words are being put together, how the participles are being put together. And then know these six forms. Okay. One of the six forms for the present middle passive piece of cake. Ominous. I'm an Amazon. I'm a new ominous. I'm a new. No big deal, right? Long as you know your nouns, you just fine.

[00:10:38] How do you translate these things? Well, the challenge in participles is that you have to look about three and look at about three or four things and then ask yourself, okay, how do I say that in English? You know, used to be you see Arthur Post, you go, man, but with participles you have to look at about three or four different things, kind of hold them together and then say, okay, how do I say this? So the first thing you have to do is look at aspect. Well, it's easy. This they're all going to be continuous. You probably aren't going to be able to bring it into English nicely, but it's probably best initially to write in worse English, but make it clear that, you know, that it's continuous and you can use the word continual or something, but you have aspect. Then you have to look at voice. Is it active, middle or passive or deponent? Then you have to look at what the word means. Okay. Then the simple thing is simply to stick in g on to it eating. She walked into the room. Now what you're going to find is that with adverbial participles, sometimes you can turn them into temporal clauses and you can add the word while sometimes they're indicating clause and you can put the word because he woke up. Ringing. He woke up because of the ringing. In other words, what you're going to have are certain verses where you can translate it with the eye and g, but it's kind of weird. You can put while or because and as you get into Greek you'll find there's a lot more keywords that can be used if it fits the context of it makes good sense of makes better flow of English. You can put them in. That's part of the interpretation aspect of Greek.