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Biblical Greek - Lesson 12

αὐτός

In this lesson, you will gain a thorough understanding of Greek pronouns, focusing on their forms and genders. The lesson is divided into sections that cover demonstrative, personal, and relative pronouns. You will learn the importance of understanding pronouns in biblical Greek and explore their various forms and genders in detail. By the end of the lesson, you will be able to recognize and use masculine, feminine, and neuter forms of pronouns in Greek, enhancing your ability to interpret biblical texts accurately.

Lesson 12
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αὐτός

I. Introduction to Greek Pronouns

A. Importance of Understanding Pronouns

B. Pronoun Forms and Genders

II. Demonstrative Pronouns

A. Definition and Usage

B. Forms and Genders

1. Masculine

2. Feminine

3. Neuter

III. Personal Pronouns

A. Definition and Usage

B. Forms and Genders

1. Masculine

2. Feminine

3. Neuter

IV. Relative Pronouns

A. Definition and Usage

B. Forms and Genders

1. Masculine

2. Feminine

3. Neuter


Transcription
Lessons

Dr. Bill Mounce
Biblical Greek
nt201-12
αὐτός
Lesson Transcript

[00:00:00] Well, welcome to chapter 12. In chapter 12, we're going to learn the word. I'll toss. Now, you've already met this word and you've used it in certain situations. And so this is a chapter where we're going to kind of spell out the full use of the word. I'll toss. You've learned it as one function, namely the personal pronoun. What we're going to find is that Altus actually has three distinct functions. But first of all, as far as the form is concerned, it's a straightforward 212 adjective. So there's no surprises in the actual form except that you'll notice something in the neuter. What's missing? The new. There is a sub pattern in second declension neuters that drop the new in the nominative in the accusative singular. And I'll toss as one of those. Now that's cool because when you see Altan, you know that it has to be accusative, singular, masculine. But in the new straits. I'll talk with Anamika on. And you notice, though, that unlike Eagle and Sue, first and second person, that in the third person we do have gender. So you have Altus, Alta Alta. And when this word is referring back to a person, the word follows natural gender, doesn't it? If it's I'll toss it to he or a generic. If it's, I'll take it. She. But you may have noticed that if the antecedent to this word is not a person. Then the word does not follow natural gender. It follows grammatical gender. In other words, let's say the RNA seemed to the word is Kosmos. And then later on in the sentence, you want to refer back to Cosmos. Which form of the word are you going to use? You can use the masculine, but you're not going to translate.

[00:02:08] I'll toss as he. Because the A.S. is Cosmos world, which in English we refer to as an IT. When the antecedent of Altus is a person, it follows natural gender. When the antecedent is not a person, it follows grammatical gender. And the you have to be pretty careful at how you translate that word. Once we get into the plural of Altus, you notice a difference between Greek and English. In Greek, we still have gender. In English, we don't. In other words, we say they whether it's a group of men or a group of women or mixed. But Greek will maintain its gender differentiation in the plural, and the same rules apply to the plural that we use in the singular. So you have to look at it says that referring to a person or not, is it following natural gender or a grammatical gender? Although we have learned us as a third person personal pronoun, it technically should be stated that Altus has three functions. The first and most common function of Altus is, as you might expect, as the third person personal pronoun. This is the use that you've used so far. And so if you say Altus Legacy Alto, we're going to translate it, he says to him. How is the case of Altus determined when is functioning as a personal pronoun? It's function in the sentence. So I'll toss nominative because it's acting as a subject. Its gender number are determined by what it stands for, right? Either natural gender or grammatical gender. So if we see our toy Legos in Alt-A, we would translate it, they say to her. And again, if you have Cosmos and then later on want to refer back to it. It'll be I'll toss, it'll be masculine, but we will translate the masking and I'll toss as it because it's referring back to Cosmos.

[00:04:20] All you have to do is think, okay, what is the Greek mean? And then how do I say that in English? It's pretty straightforward. I'll toss also though, can function as what we call an adjectival intensive, and these are generally translated with the English reflexive. I'll toss a pass. The loss would be translated the apostle himself. I'll tell you. Hey, Ecclesia would be the church itself. So the second use of Altus is as an adjectival intensive. And basically this is what happens when you find Altus in a predicate position with the nominative. And it's just a way the Greek has to emphasize normally the subject, but a way to emphasize a particular word. Now, what's going to determine the case number and gender of all tasks when it's functioning is an adjectival intensive. Yeah. Again, nothing new to learn. This is just straightforward grammar. It's just an adjective in this case, and it's case number and gender is determined by the word that it modifies. How would you translate Eagle out to us? Right. I myself. In other words, all you do is you look at the word that a modifies and then figure which of the English reflexive pronouns would make sense. So it's the apostle himself, the church itself, the gift itself. I myself. Just common sense English. Okay. I'll toss. Has to be in the predicate position to be functioning as an assured title intensive. So as long as it's in a predicate position of a possible us, I'll toss. And again, what you have to do is look at the sentence and say, would that be translated? The apostle is in other words, is it in the French position and you supply is or is it functioning as an adjectival intensive? It's actually pretty straightforward because it's almost always nominative, almost always up near the front of the sentence.

[00:06:26] And you'll see these things and they'll stand out like what? Oh, of course. The third use of Altus is as what we call the identical adjective. And this is when you translate, I'll toss with the word same. It's very straightforward. When you see I'll toss in an attribute of position. It is usually functioning as the identical adjective. And so I'll toss a Suze C tosses in the attributed position. It's immediately preceded by the article. And so that's translated the same. Jesus doesn't make a lot of sense, but you'll get the idea. The same Jesus says turn Altun lag on again. You have Altan in an attribute of position, and therefore it's says the same word. So those are the three functions of our task as a personal pronoun, and that's what you're used to. And the vast majority of the New Testament uses of Altus is as a personal pronoun. But when you see it in a predicate position, it can be functioning as the intensifier. And if you see it in the attribute of position, it can be functioning as the identical. And just kind of use common sense in your translation.

  • You will gain knowledge and insight into the fundamentals of biblical Greek, including the alphabet and pronunciation, nouns and adjectives, pronouns and verbs, and the importance of further study. You will learn about the declension of nouns and the conjugation of verbs in different tenses, such as the present, imperfect, future, and aorist. This lesson provides a comprehensive overview of the basics of biblical Greek, making it accessible to beginners who are just starting to learn.
  • In the Learning Greek lesson, you will tackle memorization, learn about tools to assist you, understand the importance of exercises, and discover the significance of time, consistency, and discipline to enhance your Greek language skills and develop a closer connection with Jesus.
  • In this lesson, you learn the Greek alphabet and its pronunciation, discovering similarities to the English alphabet and mastering special pronunciation rules like gamma nasal, vowels, diphthongs, iota subscript, diuresis, and breathing marks, crucial for Greek language study.
  • You will gain insight into the importance of punctuation and syllabification in Greek, which will help you better understand the meaning and pronunciation of Greek texts.
  • Through this lesson, you will develop a solid foundation in English nouns, their types, functions in sentences, and practical tips for mastery.
  • In this lesson, you grasp the significance of nominative and accusative definite articles in Biblical Greek, exploring their roles in identifying subjects and direct objects, and applying the definite article in context.
  • This lesson equips you with the knowledge to identify and translate the genitive and dative cases in biblical Greek, enhancing your understanding and interpretation of biblical texts.
  • Gain insight into the importance of prepositions in Biblical Greek, explore their different categories and meanings, and learn how they modify verbs, nouns, and adjectives to enhance your understanding of the New Testament's original language.
  • In this lesson, you will learn about adjectives in Biblical Greek, their declension, comparison, and their crucial role in syntax, semantics, interpretation, and translation of Biblical texts.
  • By studying the third declension in Biblical Greek, you gain insight into noun and adjective formations, enhancing your ability to analyze and interpret New Testament texts.
  • You gain knowledge of first and second person personal pronouns in Biblical Greek, learning their forms, usage, and application in translating and interpreting New Testament texts.
  • You will gain a comprehensive understanding of Greek pronouns, focusing on forms and genders, and learn to apply this knowledge to accurately interpret biblical texts.
  • By studying this lesson, you acquire a thorough understanding of demonstrative pronouns and adjectives in Biblical Greek, their forms, syntax, and proper application in New Testament passages.
  • This lesson equips you to comprehend relative pronouns in Biblical Greek and their role in connecting ideas and forming dependent clauses.
  • In this lesson, you gain an in-depth understanding of verbs in Biblical Greek, learning about tenses, voices, and moods, and how to apply this knowledge in biblical exegesis.
  • Master the present active indicative in Biblical Greek to understand the language's structure, form regular and irregular verbs, and accurately translate and interpret the text.
  • In this lesson, you gain insight into contract verbs in Biblical Greek, learning to identify and parse them, enabling accurate translation and interpretation of the New Testament texts.
  • This lesson provides a deep understanding of the present middle-passive indicative verb forms in Biblical Greek, including their formation, usage, and tips for accurate translation.
  • This lesson provides you with a comprehensive understanding of the future active and middle indicative verb forms in Biblical Greek, equipping you with translation techniques and practice exercises to enhance your skillset.
  • Through this lesson, you acquire knowledge of verbal roots and future forms in Biblical Greek, enabling better interpretation of the New Testament by recognizing regular and irregular patterns.
  • This lesson teaches you how to understand and use the imperfect indicative in biblical Greek, offering insights into verb conjugations, context, and translation accuracy.
  • You will gain expertise in Second Aorist Active and Middle Indicative forms in Biblical Greek, their formation, usage, and importance in biblical interpretation.
  • This lesson equips you with knowledge of the First Aorist Active and Middle Indicative in Biblical Greek, covering formation, parsing, and translation techniques while providing examples from the New Testament.
  • By studying this lesson, you learn to identify and translate Aorist and Future Passive Indicative verb forms in Biblical Greek, enabling accurate exegesis and interpretation of the New Testament.
  • In this lesson, you acquire knowledge on forming, conjugating, and translating perfect indicative verbs in biblical Greek, with a focus on understanding context and handling irregular verb forms.
  • Through this lesson, you learn about Greek participles, their types, and translation techniques, enhancing your ability to analyze and understand the New Testament texts.
  • This lesson teaches you to identify, translate, and interpret present continuous adverbial participles in Biblical Greek, enhancing your understanding of New Testament exegesis.
  • Gain insights into aorist undefined adverbial participles, their types, and translation techniques to improve your understanding of the Greek text and biblical exegesis.
  • Through this lesson, you master the intricacies of adjectival participles in biblical Greek, including their forms, translation, and syntax, ultimately enhancing your ability to analyze and translate biblical texts.
  • This lesson teaches you the intricacies of perfect participles and genitive absolutes in biblical Greek, enabling you to accurately translate and understand complex grammatical structures.
  • Gain insight into the subjunctive mood in Biblical Greek, understanding its formation, functions, and importance for interpreting the New Testament's nuanced meanings.
  • Through this lesson, you learn to recognize and understand the various roles and functions of infinitives in Biblical Greek, ultimately enhancing your ability to study the biblical text.
  • In this lesson, you learn about the imperative mood in Biblical Greek, its forms and uses, negation, and the subjunctive as an alternative for expressing commands and requests.
  • In this lesson, you learn to understand and apply the imperative mood in Biblical Greek, including its formation, nuances, and its use in exegesis.
  • In this lesson, you gain a deeper understanding of non-indicative forms and conditional sentences, learning to differentiate between subjunctive, imperative, infinitive, and participle forms, as well as first, second, and third class conditional sentences, while expanding your vocabulary.
  • Gain insights into Biblical Greek constructs, conditional sentences, Greek particles, and techniques for parsing and translating complex passages, enhancing your ability to interpret the New Testament.

Resources

Recommended Books

Basics of Biblical Greek Grammar 3rd (third) Edition

Basics of Biblical Greek Grammar 3rd (third) Edition

William D. Mounce's "Basics of Biblical Greek Grammar" and its companion tool "Basics of Biblical Greek Workbook" are the best-selling and most widely accepted textbooks for learning New Testament Greek.
Basics of Biblical Greek Grammar 3rd (third) Edition

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