Biblical Greek - Lesson 13

Dr. Bill Mounce
Biblical Greek
NT201-13
Demonstrative Pronouns/Adjectives
Lesson Transcript

[00:00:00] Today, we're going to look at chapter 13, which is a chapter on the demonstrative. Now, in English, you have to demonstrative and the singular and plural of each one looks considerably different, but they're not. One of the demonstrative and the singular is this and it's plural form as these. And the other demonstrative in the singular is that which in the plural goes to those. This these that those those are the demonstrators. And that's what we're learning today in English. And we'll find out. The same is true in Greek. Demonstrative can function both as pronouns or as adjectives. If you say this is mine. This is functioning as a demonstrative pronoun. Stands on its own. It has an A.S. functions as a pronoun. If you say that car is yours. The word that a demonstrative is functioning as a demonstrative adjective. The demonstrative in Greek are who toss and that's a rough breathing with a circumflex. And who tossed means this and aquino's with a smooth breathing means that. So the two day masters in Greek are who toss and aquino's. And just like in English they can both function either as a pronoun or as an adjective. So for example, if you saw who toss SD. Hooters. Just look at it. Is it functioning as an adjective or as a pronoun? Well, it has to be a pronoun because it's all by itself, right? And who to us is nominative, singular, masculine in this example. So it's the subject of the sentence, and so you're going to translate it. This. Is one because it's a pronoun is referring to someone or something. Right. And so what you can do in order to make it clear that it's referring to someone or something, you can supply a helping word.

[00:02:15] When would you supply the word man? Right. If it's masculine, singular. When would you say men? Masculine plural. In other words, you have to look at natural gender and look whether the pronoun is referring back to a person or not. And then you follow the normal rules we had for Altus. This is nothing new to learn, but just take what you've learned, in other words, and applied here. When a demonstrative is functioning as a pronoun, what determines its case? How it functions in the sentence. The demonstrative is a subject. It's a nominative. If it's a direct object accusative, it's the if it's the object of soon, it's dative. What will determine the gender and number of a demonstrative when it's functioning as a pronoun. What it's referring to back to its antecedent. Some of the words nothing new to learn. If those slots open in your brain. But a demonstrative can also function as an adjective. So if you have octopus hoots, you're going to end up translating that, this man. Now I want to demonstrative is functioning as an adjective. What determines its case number and gender? The word is modifying chisel a game we play. You got to take what you have learned in other chapters and see that you're reapplying the principles here. This is nothing new. And so I suppose Hooters is going to be translated this man. Now, there's one thing that's a little unusual about Hooters, isn't there? I thought I made a typo in the overhead denture. What's different about the position of Hooters? It's in the predicate position, isn't it? There's an article with the noun, but there's not an article with the demonstrative. And if this were an adjective, you would have to supply. The verb is the man.

[00:04:06] Is this. Okay, here's the rule. Demonstrative. When they are functioning as adjectives are in the predicate position. Sometimes after the noun, sometimes before the article. And so this construction is translated, this man. Demonstrative tapes when they're functioning as adjectives are in the predicate position. We've already seen this with the word heavily. What word tends to be in the predicate position was is functioning as an adjective. Pass. Right. Pass is going to come up in the predicate position when it's modifying something. Okay, here's the good news. The forms of a canvass are very simple. It's a212 adjective. The only thing you need to be aware of is just like the article. And just like I'll toss when you get into the nominative and accusative singular. It follows that sub pattern, and there's no case endings. So to Kina, that means when you find a kanon with the new, it can only be accusative, singular, masculine. Other than that, it's a normal paradigm. On into the plural as well. Remember when we learned I'll toss the forums, I said, Be sure to realize that Altus always has a smooth breathing. It'll help you keep Altus separate from another word. This is the other word. You noticed what happens to Hooters in the feminine? It goes to how? Tea with a rough breathing. I'll toss third person personal pronoun always has a smooth breathing. Who? US always has a rough breathing or a towel. So you have to toss in the nominal, singular, masculine. But then you go to two to. And on down the paradigm. The endings are the same. The stem is changing so the case endings are all normal. But the beginning of this word changes a bit. So who tasks the demonstrative pronoun always has a rough reading or an initial towel? You notice in the nominative an accusative neuter singular, it also drops the new.

[00:06:28] So if you have two tone, it's accusative, singular, masculine. And you notice there's one other change, and it's not really a big deal. People are curious, but you can still parse these words without knowing it. And that is look what happens to the first stem vowel. It can fluctuate between American and Alpha and is going to agree with whatever the final vowel is. So on to two. You have a stem ending in an crown. So the first stem vowel goes to an immigrant. But if you have tall tastes, you end in an ADA. And so the initial vowel goes to an alpha. In one sense, you could just flip that initial level around and it really doesn't matter. You still can tell what the word is, but that's the rule if you want to know it. I have a confession to make. I lied. There aren't four cases. We talk about a 4K system, but there's actually a fifth case, but it's only kind of half a case, so I guess that's only half a lie. So right now, Justice, we refer to a 4K system. There actually is a fifth case called evocative, but the evocative is so close to the nominative in so many ways that it's generally not taught as a separate case upfront. The evocative is used when you're directly addressing someone. If you were going to talk to me and use a title to disclose. And you would say, Teacher. Then ask your question, for example. Dido's glass is going to be in the variety of case because you're using it to directly address someone. Normally you don't even have to know how to parse these things. It's so obvious from the context that it's evocative because you're addressing the person.

[00:08:18] But here are the rules, and these rules don't cover every occurrence of the evocative, but they cover the vast majority of them in the plural. The evocative and nominative are identical in form. So if you were to see other FOIs. Or Andrus. They're going to either be nominative or evocative. You don't have to parse them as such, but they could be either. And you're going to say. Brothers or men. How they're going to be translated. So in the plural, evocative, a nominative or identical in the singular, it depends upon which declension it is. If it's a first declension word, the evocative is going to be the same as the normative. So first you're going to say, Sister, you'd say Adelphi. If it's a second declension word, the evocative ending is normally epsilon. And so if you're going to address Jesus and call him Lord, use a courier. If was a third declension word. It's normally the bare stem. Although sometimes the stem will have changed a little. So the evocative of Potter was then Ada is Potter, where the ADA has shortened to an epsilon. So the evocative is very straightforward. It's not a big challenge.