Salem
SALEM (sā'lĕm, Heb. shālēm, peace). The name of the city of which Melchizedek was king (Gen.14.18; Heb.7.1-Heb.7.2). Josephus says that Jewish writers generally regarded it as a synonym of Jerusalem. It is apparently so regarded in Ps.76.2.
שָׁלֵ֜ם may also have connoted to Jerusalem’s original Jebusite inhabitants a “prospering” Canaanite deity of that name. The KJV of Genesis 33:18, Jacob “came to Shalem [שָׁלֵ֜ם], a city of Shechem,” is better rendered, “came in peace to the city of Shechem” (ASV; “safely,” RSV).
Bibliography
Of alternatives proposed by a negative criticism that refuses to accept the validity of the parallel usage in Psalm 76:2 of Salem with Zion: H. Vincent, Jérusalem de l’AT (1956), II: 612, 613; IDB, IV: 166.
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (1915)
The name of the city of which Melchizedek was king (Ge 14:18; Heb 7:1,2; compare Ps 76:2).
1. Identification and Meaning:
To all appearance it lay near "the Vale of Shaveh," described as "the King's Vale|King’s Vale." The general opinion among the Jews was that Salem was the same as Jerusalem, as stated by Josephus (Ant., I, x, 2), who adds (VII, iii, 2) that it was known as Solyma (Saluma, variants, according to Whiston, Salem and Hierosolyma) in the time of Abraham. It was also reported that the city and its temple were called Solyma by Homer, and he adds that the name in Hebrew means "security." This identification with Jerusalem was accepted by Onkelos and all the Targums, as well as by the early Christians. The Samaritans have always identified Salem with Salim, East of Nablus, but Jewish and Christian tradition is more likely to be correct, supported, as it is, by Ps 76:2.
2. Testimony of Tell el-Amarna Tablets:
The testimony of the Tell el-Amarna Letters is apparently negative. Knudtzon’s number 287 mentions "the land" and "the lands of Urusalim," twice with the prefix for "city"; number 289 likewise has this prefix twice; and number 290 refers to "the city" or "a city of the land Urusalim called Bit-Ninip" Tablets (Beth-Anusat (?)). As there is no prefix of any kind before the element salim, it is not probable that this is the name of either a man (the city’s founder) or a god (like the Assyrian Sulmanu). The form in Sennacherib’s inscriptions (compare Taylor Cylinder, III, 50), Ursalimmu, gives the whole as a single word in the nominative, the double "m" implying that the "i" was long. As the Assyrians pronounced "s" as "sh", it is likely that the Urusalimites did the same, hence, the Hebrew yerushalaim, with "sh".
See Jerusalem.
An ancestor of Ezra (1 Esdras 8:1) = "Shallum" in Ezr 7:2 = "Salemas" in 2 Esdras 1:1.