History of Philosophy and Christian Thought - Lesson 37

Dr. Ronald Nash

History of Philosophy and Christian Thought

th620-37

Arguments

Lesson Transcript

[00:00:02] Aquinas wrote that there are five different ways of proving the existence of God. There are five proofs for God's existence. Aquinas called them the five ways. Let's just open your text. I don't have the time to go through all five of Aquinas as proofs for God's existence. I just don't. But let me show you where we are. We're on page. We're on page one, 72 173, 174. And so on. Okay. Now, here is the catch. The first three proofs for God's existence. Well, let me at least write their names on the board. There's the argument from motion. And what motion means here is change. You can read it in the text. There is. Then secondly, the argument from cause and effect. And that's the argument to a first cause. And then the ah. Then there's the argument from unnecessary being. And you can read the other two ways. At least the first two proofs for God's existence appear as if they are totally dependent upon the impossibility of an infinitely long series. I'll repeat that at least the first two proofs for God's existence appear to depend upon the impossibility of an infinitely long series. Let me give you the the cause effect argument, okay? Everything that happens has a cause. But how far can we take this chain of causes? Obviously, if we could prove that at the beginning of every series, there is a first cause. And thus, if we could prove that there is a first cause for the existence of the world, then we would seem to have an argument for the existence of a creator. God. Example. You all know what a domino is. If you're from another country, I suppose every country has dominoes. It's a little plastic thing that, you know, we used to play a kind of useless game here.

[00:02:43] It's got a number of dots on it that represent numbers. People play with dominoes and they put them on end so that you've got a long series of dominoes standing on end on a floor. Okay. And years ago, we used to have people in this country who would put together extremely complicated and elaborate displays of dominoes such that once somebody tipped the first domino over, you would have da you would have just rows and rows of dominoes going around this, maybe a whole shopping mall. And in the process little guns would be fired and little balloons and, and, you know, I mean, just amazing stuff. All because somebody had set the dominoes up in the right way and then somebody's finger had tipped the first domino over. Okay. Now, imagine a display like that in the Mall of America, which is the biggest mall in the world right now. And so you walk in and you see this display of dominoes and you say, how long has this been going on? And somebody says, well, the first domino fell ten years ago, and you still, you know, got fireworks going off. And you say, can you direct me to the first cause? Boom. Well, that's what's going on here. Suppose when you say I'd like to entered, I'd like to meet the person whose finger was the first cause of all of these dominoes toppling. Suppose somebody says, Well, really, that's not possible, because this series of dominoes is infinitely long. You see, it doesn't just go on here inside the Mall of America. It goes outside the mall and it goes all the way around the world. Don't ask me how. If if the series of dominoes is infinitely long, then there was no first cause.

[00:04:55] Well, wait a minute. If there was no first cause, then there was no first effect. And if there was no first effect, then the the first dominos never would have started. How can you have an infinitely long series of toppling dominoes when nothing caused the first domino to topple? Because you can only have the second domino topple if the first cause if the first domino topple. See? So Aquinas seems to argue that you can't have a series of causes and effects that bring us to this present state in the world. Unless there was a first cause that brought it all. That started all of it. But do you know what that means? That means that for a coin, US philosophy can prove the impossibility of an infinite series. Now, let me repeat that. If you interpret Aquinas as first two proofs for God's existence, he seems to assume that philosophy can prove the impossibility of an infinite series. Here's the problem. Aquinas seems to contradict himself. He tells us on the one hand, that philosophy cannot prove the impossibility of an infinite series. And yet at least two of his famous proofs for God's existence seem to assume that philosophy can prove the impossibility of an infinite series. And that is a logical contradiction. Now, I'm an old man, okay? I started studying philosophy almost before any of you were born. There are a few exceptions. But before most of you were born, back in the 1950s, there were phyla. It was traditional standard going for philosophers to believe that acquaintances proofs for God's existence presupposed the impossibility of an infinite series. Then suddenly woke somebody, woke up and said, Wait a minute. If his proofs for God's existence assumed this and this denies what he said somewhere else.

[00:07:16] There is an essential contradiction in Aquinas, this system. There was then a period of chaos in the interpretation of Aquinas, and people finally said, The only way we can interpret Aquinas fairly is if we understand his first two proofs for God's existence in a totally different way. That then raises the question What does He mean when he says there must be a first mover? What does he mean when he says there must be a first cause? And what I give you and forgive the abbreviated version of this, what I give you beginning on page 175 and 176 is what has amounted to the standard interpretation of Aquinas as proofs for God's existence in the last 25 or 30 years, maybe longer than that. And that is this. And this is just a one sentence summation of what you can read for yourself. The only consistent way to understand Aquinas is first, two proofs for God's existence, as explained in the textbook, is to reduce them to versions or variations of His third proof for God's existence, which is the argument from necessary and contingent being.