Why I Trust My Bible - Lesson 4

Dr. Bill Mounce 
Why I Trust My Bible 
nt119-04 
Do We Know Who Wrote the Gospels? 
Lesson Transcript

This is the 4th lecture in the online series of lectures on Why I Trust My Bible by Dr Bill Mounce. Bill was a preaching pastor at a church in Spokane, WA, and prior to that a professor of New Testament and director of the Greek Program at Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary. He also taught at Azusa Pacific University and is the author of the bestselling Greek textbook, Basics of Biblical Greek.

1. Challenge – Eyewitnesses and Historical Jesus and Proof
In this session, we are going to talk about the issue of authorship of the Synoptic Gospels: Matthew, Mark and Luke. The challenge is that we don’t really know who wrote them, so people say. And because we don’t know who wrote them, we don’t know if they got the stories right because we don’t know who wrote them. We don’t know if the authors were willing to change the stories of Jesus. So authorship is a big issue. Bart Ehrman has written another book on this, and it’s entitled ‘Forged, Writing in the Name of God’ and the sub-title is, ‘Why the Bible’s Authors Are Not Who We Think They Are.’ It’s true that Matthew, Mark and Luke are anonymous; they don’t say on there who actually wrote them. And we think that the names were not formally attached to them until the Gospels were all put together in a codex, in a book format, and the different Gospels needed to be distinguished from each other. So, it is true that Matthew, Mark and Luke, (those Gospels), don’t say who the authors are. So, Bart Ehrman and these other people are accurate as far as that is concerned.

2. Word of Mouth
But let me give you two answers. And the first one is a slightly more traditional answer. And the other one, Darryl and Craig make a very interesting point in their sessions. The traditional answer is that Church tradition is very strong that Matthew wrote the first Gospel, Mark wrote the second Gospel, and Luke wrote the third. The sayings of the early fathers as they recounted what they had heard; they’re actually very, very strong in terms of the authorship. Matthew was one of the twelve, and he was certainly in a position, as one of the twelve, to know what Jesus did and said. We’re told that Mark actually wrote the memoirs of Peter. In other words, behind the Gospel of Mark is Peter, and his retelling the stories of Jesus’ actions and his teachings. Tradition’s very strong. And tradition’s pretty strong that Luke wrote the third, that he was a Gentile. He was not an eyewitness. He tells that in the very beginning in Luke 1. But he did his research, and he was a traveling companion of Paul’s. He had access to information about Jesus. And the traditions are strong that those three men wrote the first three Gospels. And the point is, not only that the tradition is strong, but all three of those are in a position to know what actually happened, to know what Jesus actually taught, and then to write it down in a trustworthy manner.

3.The Dates of the Gospels
Connected with that is the whole issue of dating and let me show you this chart. And it’s divided between kind of the evangelical scholars’ dating of the Gospels, and more, the critical (I don’t like to keep calling them liberal critics, I don’t want to put tags on things), but non-evangelical scholars and where they tend to date the writing of these Gospels. And I’ll come back when I’m done with this to talk about significance.

But basically, you have Mark, and evangelical scholarship thinks he wrote late 50’s, early 60’s. More critical scholarship, late 60’s, early 70’s. Matthew, the date ranges from the 60’s to the 80’s. Luke is from the 60’s to the 80’s as well. And John would have been written 80’s to 90’s, somewhere in that late date range. In other words, they were all written within about 60 years of the events. Now you may say ’boy, 60 years, that’s a long time’. But in an oral culture, it’s not that long. But it’s not that long when you compare it to other ancient biographies as well. Take Alexander the Great, for example. Alexander died in 323 BC, and his biographies were written in the late 1st century AD into the 2nd century AD. So, Alexander the Great’s biographies were written about 400 years after Alexander had lived. But we trust those biographies of him. We think they convey basically accurate information. So, when you look at that 400 years, then all of a sudden fifty, sixty years in an oral culture is not really that long of a time period. And so, we have good strong traditions as to who wrote the first three Gospels. They were people who would have known Jesus, would have accurately known about Jesus or his teachings, and it was written in a relatively short time frame. So that’s one way to look at this whole issue of authorship. It’s so trustworthy. 

But there’s another way to look at the whole issue of authorship, and both Darrell and Craig spend some time in their sessions, as I said, talking about it. The challenge is this: because we don’t know who wrote the Synoptic Gospels, the Church was sitting there with these three anonymous Gospels, and they wanted people to trust them. They wanted people to believe them. So they just went out, and they said ‘Hey, let’s pick Matthew, Mark and Luke. They’re respected people. People will respect their writings, will trust their writings, and let’s stick their names on the first three Gospels.’ So that’s how the charge is often made. And in fact, in a sense there’s some truth to that because when we look at other books that were written after Christ, supposedly about him, that’s exactly what happened. Somebody would make up a story about Jesus or Paul (this case). And so, it’s the Acts of Paul and Thecla, so supposedly this is things that Paul wrote. We have the acts of Peter. Somebody made up a bunch of stories, and then they wanted people to believe it, so they went and got a very well-known, respected person, Peter, and they attached his name to it. So, we know that’s actually what did happen. The question is, is that what happened with Matthew, Mark and Luke? And the argument is this: if the Church was willing to just go get a name and attach it to an anonymous Gospel, would they have picked Matthew, Mark and Luke? And the argument is, no, you would not have picked these three people to give these anonymous Gospels credibility. 

So let’s think about it. Let’s start with Mark because it was the first Gospel written. Who’s Mark? Oh, he’s that guy who ran home to Mommy, or whatever, in the middle of the first missionary journey. Oh, Mark, he’s the guy that split Paul and Barnabas. Why would you attach his name to the second Gospel? There’s no reason to. Well, the only reason is that there was a very strong tradition that Mark wrote that Gospel, and the Church honored that tradition. And it was important them to get it right. 

And there’s another way to look at it, and that is, since we know from Papias through Eusebius, that Mark was really writing down the memoirs of Peter, why is it not the Gospel of Peter? I mean, that’s the person who stands behind it, right? Well, apparently the Church wasn’t willing to ignore the traditions about who wrote the Second Gospel. The tradition is strong that Mark wrote it, even though Peter stands behind it. But hey, the tradition is that Mark wrote it, and so they’re going to put the name “Mark” on the Second Gospel. That tells you how the Church viewed authorship. They weren’t willing to ignore the traditions.

If you think of Matthew, well, he’s one of the twelve. Yeah, but he was a tax collector. And again, in our day and age, it’s probably difficult to understand the total disgust, perhaps even hatred, that Jews had of tax collectors because these Jews were turncoats. They were traitors. They sided with the Romans. It’s not that they just took your money, it’s that they gave it to the Romans. Why on earth would you pick especially a Gospel like the first one that is obviously geared for a Jewish audience? Why would you pick the one disciple the Jews would dislike the most? It doesn’t make any sense, unless the Church understood that Matthew wrote that Gospel, and they respected that, and they attached his name to it. 

What about the third Gospel? Why would you pick Luke? Well, Luke was a, he was not an eyewitness. But he was part of Paul’s traveling group, and so, I mean, that bodes well for him. But still, he was a Greek. He wasn’t a Jew. He wasn’t there. He wasn’t an eyewitness of Jesus’ events. Why would you attach a Gentile’s name to a Gospel when you’re trying to get the right name to give the book credibility. It doesn’t make any sense, does it? So, the conclusion is that the Church was not willing to “willy nilly” attach people’s names to Gospels. What the Church was willing to do, was to respect and to accept the strong traditions as to the authorship of Matthew, Mark and Luke, even though Peter is behind Mark, and then to attach those names to him.

So, this whole thing on authorship (the argument, I think), falls apart. While they were anonymous Gospels, the Church tradition is very strong that it was Matthew, Mark and Luke. These people all had direct or very close indirect access to the stories of Jesus. And the Church wasn’t willing to attach just well-known names to Gospels get them believed; that they wanted to honor the traditions. And so, we have the Gospel of Matthew, the Gospel of Mark, and the Gospel of Luke. I think that’s a fair conclusion to draw.