New Testament Survey -- Gospels
Overview
This is the first part of an introductory course to the New Testament, covering
the books Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. These lectures were given at The
Southern Baptist Theological Seminary in Louisville, Kentucky during the fall
of 2002.
Recommended Reading
Synopsis of the Four Gospels, English Edition, edited by Kurt Aland,
United Bible Societies, 1982
Studying the Synoptic Gospels: Origin and Interpretation, 2nd ed.,
Robert H. Stein, Baker Book House, 2001
The Synoptic Problem: An Introduction, Robert H. Stein, Baker Book
House, 1987
Jesus the Messiah, Robert H. Stein, IVPress, 1996
The Method and Message of Jesus' Teachings, Robert H. Stein, rev.
ed., Westminster Press, 1994
Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels, edited by Joel Green, IVPress,
1992
Class Outline
| Synoptic Gospels | |
| Synoptic Problem |
Discussion of the similarities and differences in the accounts of Jesus' life in the Gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke. |
| Priority of Mark |
The Gospel of Mark is shorter than the other Gospels and some of the grammar and theology is unique. There are also significant similarities bewteen Mark and the Gospels of Matthew and Luke. |
| Matthew and Luke |
Discussion of the extensive similarities between the Gospels of Matthew and Luke, including the likely existence of a "Q" document. |
| Form Criticism | |
| Literary and Presuppositions |
Some time passed between the ascension of Jesus and the writing of the Gospels because there was no need for a written account while the eyewitnesses were still alive and in that culture oral tradition was the primary method of preserving history. Form critics also note that it is likely that it is likely that many of the narratives and sayings of Jesus circulated independently. |
| Presuppositions and Results |
Form criticism is the method of classifying literature by literary pattern and determine its original form and historical context in order to interpret its meaning accurately. |
| Redaction Criticism | |
| Redaction Criticism |
Redaction criticism focuses on evaluating how a writer has seemingly shaped and molded a narrative to express his theological goals. |
| Gospels | |
| Gospel of Mark |
Studying the background and theological emphases of the Gospel of Mark helps us to understand the central message of his Gospel. |
| Gospel of Matthew |
Studying the background and theological emphases of the Gospel of Mark helps us to understand the central message of his Gospel. |
| Gospel of Luke |
Studying the background and theological emphases of the Gospel of Luke helps us to understand the central message of his Gospel. |
| Gospel of John |
Studying the background and theological emphases of the Gospel of John helps us to understand the central message of his Gospel. |
| Criteria of Authenticity | |
| Criteria of Authenticity |
By studying the background and comparing the text of the synoptic gospels, we can be confident of their authenticity. |
| Method | |
| Exaggeration |
In order to understand Jesus' teaching, it is important to understand how he uses exaggeration and determine when he is using exaggeration to make a point. |
| Literary Forms |
The Gospels record how Jesus used different literary forms to communicate his teachings. |
| Parables | |
| History and Rules of Interpretation |
Jesus told parables to communicate with people. It's important to know how to interpret parables to accurately understand what Jesus was trying to teach. At different times in history, people have used different paradigms to interpret parables. |
| Application of Rules |
Jesus told parables to communicate with people. It's important to know how to interpret parables to accurately understand what Jesus was trying to teach. At different times in history, people have used different paradigms to interpret parables. |
| Two Parts and Allegory |
Jesus used different literary forms to communicate with people. It's important to know how to interpret these literary forms, including parables, to accurately understand what Jesus was trying to teach. |
| Message | |
| Kingdom of God |
The kingdom of God is God's kingdom invading the earthly kingdom. There is a tension between the "now" and "not yet." |
| Fatherhood of God |
Jesus' teaching about the fatherhood of God reveals for us a tension between reverence and intimacy. |
| Ethical Teaching |
The ethical teachings of Jesus are scattered throughout the Gospels and sometimes seem to be contradictory. He emphasized the need for a new heart and the importance of loving God and our "neighbor." |
| Christology | |
| Implicit |
We learn about who Jesus was by examining what he said and what he did. |
| Explicit |
Titles given to Jesus (e.g., Messiah/Christ, Son of Man, Son of God) give us insight into his nature and mission. |
| Life of Jesus | |
| Introduction |
The Chronology of Jesus' life in the Gospels begins with his birth and ends with his resurrection. How you explain Jesus' miracles depends on your presuppositions. |
| Birth of Jesus |
The birth of Christ is an historical event. The virgin birth of Jesus is a fundamental aspect of his nature and ministry. |
| Silent Years & Baptism |
Except for the accounts of a couple of events in Jesus' childhood, the Gospels are silent about the years before Jesus began his public ministry. Jesus' public ministry began when John the Baptist baptized Jesus publicly in the Jordan River. |
| Temptation & Call of the Disciples |
The three temptations that Satan put to Jesus were significant to him and instructive to us. Jesus had a specific purpose in mind in the way he called his disciples and the fact that he chose 12. |
| Caesarea Philippi & Transfiguration |
After Simon Peter confesses Jesus as the Christ, Jesus begins teaching about his death and focuses his efforts on teaching the twelve. The Transfiguration was a significant event for the disciples. |
| Triumphal Entry & Cleansing of the Temple |
The events surrounding Jesus' "triumphal entry" into Jerusalem were the beginning of the week leading up to his crucifixion and resurrection. When Jesus cleansed the temple in Jerusalem, he was making a significant statement. |
| Last Supper |
At the Last Supper, Jesus celebrated with his disciples by eating the Passover meal. He reinterpreted it to show how it pointed to him as being the perfect Lamb of God, the atoning sacrifice for the sins of all people. |
| Gethsemane |
The night before his crucifixion, Jesus went to Gethsemane with his disciples to pray. Judas betrays Jesus there and Jesus is arrested. |
| Trial |
The trial of Jesus involved a hearing in the Jewish court conducted by the high priest and the Sanhedrin, and a hearing in the Roman court conducted by Pilate. |
| Crucifixion |
Jesus died by crucifixion. The Romans used it as a deterrent because it was public and a horrible way to die. |
| Resurrection |
The historical evidence for the bodily resurrection of Jesus is compelling. |
| Quest for the Historical Jesus |
The Gospels are eyewitness accounts that clearly show that Jesus claimed to be fully human and fully God, and what he did to back up this claim. Some people try to reinterpret the Gospels to make Jesus out to be a moral teacher with good intentions, but not God in the flesh. |
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